On this day

1066 – William the Conqueror and his army set sail from the mouth of the Somme River, beginning the Norman Conquest of England.

1540 – The Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) receives its charter from Pope Paul III.

1822 – Jean-François Champollion announces that he has deciphered the Rosetta stone.

1825 - The world's first public railway service began with the opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway.

1937 – The Balinese Tiger declared extinct.

1940 – World War II: The Tripartite Pact is signed in Berlin by Germany, Japan and Italy.

1944 – The Kassel Mission results in the largest loss by a USAAF group on any mission in World War II.

1956 – USAF Captain Milburn G. Apt becomes the first man to exceed Mach 3 while flying the Bell X-2. Shortly thereafter, the craft goes out of control and Captain Apt is killed.

1964 – The British TSR-2 aircraft XR219 makes its maiden flight from Boscombe Down in Wiltshire.

1996 – In Afghanistan, the Taliban capture the capital city Kabul after driving out President Burhanuddin Rabbani and executing former leader Mohammad Najibullah.

1998 – The Google internet search engine retrospectively claims this as its birthday.

2003 – Smart 1 satellite is launched.

2007 – NASA launches the Dawn probe.

2008 – CNSA astronaut Zhai Zhigang becomes the first Chinese person to perform a spacewalk while flying on Shenzhou 7.

48 BC – Pompey the Great is assassinated on the orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt.

935 – Saint Wenceslas is murdered by his brother, Boleslaus I of Bohemia.

1066 – William the Bastard (as he was known at the time) invades England beginning the Norman Conquest.

1745 - At the Drury Lane Theatre, London, God Save the King, the national anthem, was sung for the first time. The score used was prepared by Thomas Augustine Arne (1710-1778) leader of the orchestra and composer of Rule Britannia.

1791 – France becomes the first European country to emancipate its Jewish population.

1918 - World War I: The start of the Fifth Battle of Ypres. The British sustained almost 5,000 casualties but advanced the front line by up to 18 miles and captured approximately 10,000 German soldiers, 300 guns and 600 machine guns.

1958 – France ratifies a new Constitution of France; the French Fifth Republic is then formed upon the formal adoption of the new constitution on October 4.

1994 – The car ferry MS Estonia sinks in Baltic Sea, killing 852 people.

1829 - The Metropolitan Police of London, later also known as the Met. was inaugurated and was London's first regular police force, The officers became known as 'bobbies' after Robert Peel, the home secretary who founded the modern police force.

1885 – The first practical public electric tramway in the world is opened in Blackpool, England.

1938 – Munich Agreement: Germany was given permission from France, Italy, and Great Britain to seize the territory of Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia. The meeting occurred in Munich, and leaders from neither the Soviet Union nor Czechoslovakia attended.

1949 – The Communist Party of China writes the Common Program for the future People's Republic of China.

1962 – Alouette 1, the first Canadian satellite, is launched.

1979 – Pope John Paul II becomes the first pope to set foot on Irish soil with his pastoral visit to the Republic of Ireland.

1990 – The YF-22, which would later become the F-22 Raptor, flies for the first time.

2004 – The asteroid 4179 Toutatis passes within four lunar distances of Earth.

2007 – Calder Hall, the world's first commercial nuclear power station, is demolished in a controlled explosion.

2008 – Following the bankruptcies of Lehman Brothers and Washington Mutual, The Dow Jones Industrial Average falls 777.68 points, the largest single-day point loss in its history.

2009 – An 8.0 magnitude earthquake near the Samoan Islands causes a tsunami.

1399 – Henry IV is proclaimed King of England.

1630 - John Billington, one of the original pilgrims who sailed to the New World on the Mayflower, became the first man executed in the English colonies. He was hanged for having shot another man during a quarrel.

1791 – The first performance of The Magic Flute, the last opera by Mozart to make its debut, took place at Freihaus-Theater auf der Wieden in Vienna, Austria.

1840 - The foundation stone for Nelson's Column was laid in Trafalgar Square.

1882 – Thomas Edison's first commercial hydroelectric power plant (later known as Appleton Edison Light Company) begins operation on the Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin, United States.

1888 - Jack the Ripper murdered two more women - Liz Stride, found behind 40 Berner Street, and Kate Eddowes in Mitre Square, both in London's East End.

1936 - Pinewood Film Studios opened near Iver, in Buckinghamshire, to provide Britain with a film studio to compete with America's Hollywood Studios in California.

1938 – The League of Nations unanimously outlaws "intentional bombings of civilian populations".

1955 – Film star James Dean dies in a road accident aged 24.

1965 – The Lockheed L-100, the civilian version of the C-130 Hercules, is introduced.

1965 – The 30 September Movement attempts a coup against the Indonesian government, which is crushed by the military under Suharto and leads to a mass anti-communist purge, with over 500,000 people killed.

1968 – The Boeing 747 is rolled out and shown to the public for the first time at the Boeing Everett Factory.

1977 – Because of US budget cuts and dwindling power reserves, the Apollo program's ALSEP experiment packages left on the Moon are shut down.

1980 – Ethernet specifications are published by Xerox working with Intel and Digital Equipment Corporation.

2005 – The controversial drawings of Muhammad are printed in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten.

1553 - The Coronation of Queen Mary I. She was the only surviving child born of the ill-fated marriage of Henry VIII and his first wife Catherine of Aragon. As the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, Mary is remembered for her restoration of Roman Catholicism and she had over 280 religious dissenters burned at the stake in the Marian Persecutions.

1795 – Belgium is conquered by France.

1814 – Opening of the Congress of Vienna, intended to redraw Europe's political map after the defeat of Napoléon the previous spring.

1847 – German inventor and industrialist Werner von Siemens founds Siemens AG & Halske.

1931 – The George Washington Bridge linking New Jersey and New York opens.

1942 – First flight of the Bell XP-59 (Aircomet).

1946 - Germany's Deputy Fuhrer, Rudolph Hess, captured in Scotland after mysteriously parachuting from a plane during World War II, was sentenced to life imprisonment. Nuremberg Trials

1958 – NASA is created to replace NACA.

1964 – Japanese Shinkansen (bullet trains) begin high-speed rail service from Tokyo to Osaka.

1969 – Concorde breaks the sound barrier for the first time.

1971 – Walt Disney World opens near Orlando, Florida, United States.

1971 – The first brain-scan using x-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is performed at Atkinson Morley Hospital in Wimbledon, London.

1982 – EPCOT Center opens at Walt Disney World near Orlando, Florida, United States.

1982 – Sony launches the first consumer compact disc player (model CDP-101).

1989 – Denmark introduces the world's first legal modern same-sex civil union called "registered partnership".

1998 – Vladimir Putin becomes a permanent member of the Security Council of the Russian Federation.

What a sad situation this was,Military protection because of the colour of your skin.






1962: Mississippi race riots over first black student
Two people have been killed and at least 75 injured in rioting at the University of Mississippi campus in Oxford.
Hundreds of extra troops have been brought in to join Federal forces already stationed in the nearby town of Oxford as the violence spread to its streets.

The protesters are angry at the admission of James Meredith, a black American, to the university.

Rioting erupted last night as President Kennedy addressed the nation in a televised broadcast urging a peaceful settlement to the dispute over racial segregation.


This is not a happy occasion

James H Meredith

Earlier Mr Kennedy had 'federalised' the Mississippi National Guard to maintain law and order, and mobilised other regular infantrymen and military police across the state line in Tennessee.

The Federal Government had been expecting resistance from the Mississippi State police under the governorship of Ross Barnett, who has previously defied court orders requiring desegregation.

Despite Governor Barnett's assurances that his police would carry out their duties, there have been reports that they neglected to provide adequate security, and additional troops and marshals were called in.

US marshals, military police and National Guardsmen used teargas to take on rioters armed with rocks, lead pipes, petrol bombs and in some instances rifles and shotguns.

More than 100 people were arrested during the night. One US marshal was shot in the neck and critically wounded.

Cars and television trucks were smashed and burned and journalists and cameramen were beaten, as rioters turned on the media.

Mr Meredith remained under guard inside the campus in a university dormitory during the fighting.

After his enrolment this morning, Mr Meredith said: "This is not a happy occasion," but he is said to have remained calm throughout the ordeal.

He was then escorted to his first class - a seminar on American colonial history - through a crowd of several hundred jeering students.

Rioting has continued in the town of Oxford with further arrests made and more troops flown in.

In a broadcast Governor Barnett said that law and order must prevail "even though our state has been invaded by federal forces". He urged those who came from outside the Oxford area to go home.


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Watch/Listen

James H Meredith is led through jeering crowds by US marshals


President Kennedy calls for a halt to Mississippi race riots






In Context
The riots receded and over the coming days most troops were withdrawn from the town.
Mr Meredith said his enrolment was "more for America than it was for me". He faced continued hostility and required 24 hour protection but graduated in 1963 without incident.

Three years later he was shot and wounded on a lone civil rights march through Mississippi.

Soon after he dropped out of the civil rights movement to work as a stockbroker, and then in real estate. In 1967 he became an investor and entered Columbia University Law School in 1968.

That year he also became president of Meredith Enterprises and began to lecture on racial problems. In 1972 he stood unsuccessfully as a Republican candidate for the US House of Representatives.

The civil rights movement that began in the late 1950's won for black Americans basic rights long denied to them.

The landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed racial discrimination, removed obstacles to voting and furthered desegregation.


Stories From 1 Oct
1962: Mississippi race riots over first black student
1985: Riots erupt in Toxteth and Peckham
2005: Bombs rip through Bali restaurants
1975: Muhammad Ali wins 'Thrilla in Manila'
1970: Mourners killed as Nasser is buried
1957: British public gets 'Asian Flu' vaccine




http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19734976

1187 – Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule.

1263 – The Battle of Largs is fought between Norwegians and Scots.

1835 – The Texas Revolution begins with the Battle of Gonzales. Mexican soldiers attempt to disarm the people of Gonzales, Texas, but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia.

1870 - Rome became the capital of the newly unified Italy. The previous capital was Florence.

1925 - John Logie Baird performed the first test of a working television system, successfully transmitting the first television picture with a greyscale image: the head of a ventriloquist's dummy nicknamed Stooky Bill.

1937 – Dominican Republic strongman Rafael Trujillo orders the execution of the Haitian population living within the borderlands; approximately 20,000 are killed over the next five days.

1942 - The British cruiser HMS Curacao sank with the loss of 338 lives, after colliding with the liner Queen Mary off the coast of Donegal.

1950 – Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz is first published

1968 – A peaceful student demonstration in Mexico City culminates in the Tlatelolco massacre.

2001 – NATO backs U.S. military strikes following 9/11.

(02-10-2012 13:23 )skully Wrote:  1937 – Dominican Republic strongman Rafael Trujillo orders the execution of the Haitian population living within the borderlands; approximately 20,000 are killed over the next five days.

Rafael Trujillo was once described in an American magazine as "the most dictatingest dictator that ever dictated". As you probably know the Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola, and territorial and border disputes had flared up many times in the previous 100 years. Haiti has just one-third of the area, but two-thirds of the population, and Haitian encroachment was causing great concern, thus Trujillo ordered his militia to kill all Haitians found on Dominican territory.

It became known as the "Parsley Massacre", as the militia would hold up a piece of Parsley and ask what it was. The answer in the local language is "perejil", and those who pronounced it as "pe-ha-heel" were deemed to be of Spanish/Dominican descent and allowed to go. However, those who pronounced it "perra-jeel" were clearly of Haitian/French stock and murdered on the spot.

Following US pressure Trujillo eventually paid compensation to the victims families of around $30 per head, but it is estimated that just 2 cents in the dollar reached the families, the rest being misappropriated by corrupt Haitian officials.

Trujillo ruled by fear, and it is estimated that during his rule another 30,000 of his fellow countrymen were killed by his henchmen and all political opposition was crushed.

However, there was a paradox to Trujillo's character. In the 1930's the staunchly Catholic dictator opened his country to tens of thousands of Jews fleeing Europe when no other country would take them. He was an enviromentalist 50 years ahead of his time, opening the country's first protected national park, banning logging and deforestation and generating much of the country's electricity from hydro-electric power. He was even nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize.

Trujillo's rule brought the country more stability and prosperity than any living Dominican had previously known. The price, however, was high: civil liberties were nonexistent. Supporters of Trujillo claim that he reorganized both the state and the economy, and left vast infrastructure to the country. His detractors point to the brutality of his rule, and also claim that much of the country's wealth wound up in the hands of his family or close associates.

Astonishingly, despite many coup attempts, he survived in power for more than 30 years until he fell victim to an assassination when he was gunned down in 1961 at the age of 70.

1283 – Dafydd ap Gruffydd, prince of Gwynedd in Wales, becomes the first nobleman executed by being hanged, drawn and quartered.

1712 – The Duke of Montrose issues a warrant for the arrest of Rob Roy MacGregor.

1795 – General Napoleon Bonaparte first rises to national prominence being named to defend the French National Convention against armed counter-revolutionary rioters threatening the three year old revolutionary government.

1835 – The Staedtler Company is founded in Nuremberg, Germany.

1873 – Captain Jack (Kintpuash) and companions are hanged for their part in the Modoc War.

1932 - Iraq gained independence from Britain. In 1958, the monarchy was overthrown and the Republic of Iraq was created.

1952 - Britain's first atomic bomb (Operation Hurricane) was detonated on the Monte Bello Islands, off the northwest coast of Australia.

1993 – Battle of Mogadishu: In an attempt to capture officials of warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid's organisation in Mogadishu, Somalia, 18 US soldiers and about 1,000 Somalis are killed in heavy fighting.

1995 – O. J. Simpson is acquitted of the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman.

2003 – Roy Horn of Siegfried & Roy is attacked by one of the show's tigers, canceling the show until 2009, when they rejoined the tiger that mauled Roy just six years earlier.

1957 - The Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first manmade satellite, officially beginning the Space Age.

1976 - British Rail began its new 125mph Intercity 'High Speed Train' service. At the time of its introduction it was the fastest diesel-powered train in regular service in the world.

1983 – Richard Noble sets a new land speed record of 633.468 mph (1,019 km/h), driving Thrust 2 at the Black Rock Desert of Nevada.

1993 – Russian Constitutional Crisis: In Moscow, tanks bombard the White House, a government building that housed the Russian parliament, while demonstrators against President Boris Yeltsin rally outside.